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Demystifying Payday Loan AgreementsSo you need a loan? Thinking about a payday loan? Although payday loans are a quick way to get money even if you have a poor credit rating, they are expensive short-term loans that you have to pay back from your paycheck, usually within two weeks. You will also have to satisfy the following criteria:
A loan agreement is a written promise between you and the lender: You promise to pay back money you borrow and both of you promise to abide by the loan terms. The first thing you need to do is to read the loan agreement carefully to avoid surprises. The loan agreement between you and the lender — in the case highlighted below we'll call it ABC Payday Company ("ABC") — will spell out all the terms and conditions of the loan agreement. The loan agreement details the amount of the loan, the amount of time you have to repay; when you have to repay the loan; special fees for the loan; any conditions associated with renewing the loan; what happens if you don't pay back the loan on time, and what adverse actions the lender may take if you don't repay on time. Smart borrowers read and understand the loan agreement before they sign their name. Because the text can be pretty complicated, Credit.com is going to walk you through a typical Payday Loan Agreement. Keep in mind these four tips as you read through Payday Loan Agreement that follows, or any one that you consider signing:
Sample Payday Loan Agreement: ABC Payday Company IMPORTANT INFORMATION ABOUT PROCEDURES FOR OPENING A NEW ACCOUNT: To help the government fight the funding of terrorism and money laundering activities, Federal law requires all financial institutions to obtain, verify, and record information that identifies each person who opens an account. What this means for you: When you open an account, we will ask for your name, address, date of birth, and other information that will allow us to identify you. We may also ask to see your driver's license or other identifying document. The USA PATRIOT Act (15 U.S.C. § 1681v) was enacted after the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001. Section 326 of the Act requires financial institutions like payday loan companies, investment companies, insurance companies, banks, brokers, travel agents and money service businesses to:
To verify your identity, payday loan companies, like all other financial institutions, must collect and verify customer information including the following:
Once your identity is verified, ABC PAYDAY CO will cross-reference your name against the Office of Foreign Assets Control's Specially Designated Nationals List. These requirements won't affect most applicants; however, foreign residents or U.S. citizens without resident status may have a tougher time opening new accounts. Notice: A short-term loan provides the cash needed to meet an immediate short-term cash flow problem. It is not a solution for longer-term financial problems for which longer-term financing may be more appropriate. You may want to discuss your financial situation with a nonprofit financial counseling service in your community. You will be charged additional fees if you renew the loan. The Equal Credit Opportunity Act makes it illegal for creditors to discriminate against consumers on the basis the criteria listed above. Anyone involved in granting credit must abide by this law. The law also protects consumers and most businesses applying for credit. GOVERNING LAW AND AGREEMENT TO ARBITRATE ALL DISPUTES: You have acknowledged that the key elements of this contract acceptance by us, approval by our underwriters, disbursement of loan proceeds and repayment of principal and fees all occurred, or will occur, in the State of Utah, and you and we agree that any controversies that may arise hereunder shall be governed exclusively by the laws of the State of Utah. Most payday loan agreements include a range of terms that favor the lender, like this mandatory arbitration clause above, and the clause that requires you to agree that you will not participate in class action lawsuits. This long section can be simplified by breaking it down into two parts:
Part 1 This is important to you for a couple of reasons. First, many states have consumer protection laws that restrict the terms of the loan. For example some states limit the number of loans a consumer can have, the number of rollovers, and the interest rate that may be charged. Utah law favors lenders, not borrowers, in short-term loan transactions. For example, in Utah there is no maximum loan amount, no limit on the interest rate a lender can charge, no limits on the Annual Percentage Rate ('APR'), no limits on the number of outstanding loans a consumer may take out at one time, no limit on the number of rollovers, and no cooling off period. Some states require lenders to provide borrowers a "cooling off period" of a specific length of time. During the cooling off period a borrower can cancel the agreement for any reason without incurring a penalty. Cooling off periods provide borrowers protection from sales people who use high-pressure sale techniques to get a borrower to sign a loan that isn't in the borrower's best interest. For more information about state laws that apply to payday loans, go to the National Consumer Federation of America. Part 2 Because the U.S. Constitution grants you the right to a jury trial, most courts disfavor agreements where consumers are required to waive this right. Some courts permit such waivers if it is "knowing, voluntary and intentional." This is why the waiver is in large capitals — to draw your attention to the waiver so you cannot later claim you didn't know what you were signing. For a court to hold this clause as a valid waiver of your rights, the agreement must clearly state that you are required to agree to waive your rights, which it does. The language cannot be hidden in small text or buried in the agreement; it must be visible and clearly stated so people reading the agreement can understand that they are giving up their rights. This clause in the agreement enables the lender to claim that you (the borrower) knowingly, intentionally, and voluntarily waived your rights to a jury trial. Binding arbitration is like a court proceeding because the arbitrator has the authority to render a decision and you are required to abide by the arbitrator's decision. Binding arbitration is one way to avoid court costs and legal fees, but that does not mean that you or ABC can't use a lawyer during the arbitration process. In fact, companies who use arbitration as a means of settling their disputes usually hire lawyers so they will have the upper legal hand to win the case. Many contracts (including this one) imposed by a financial institution like ABC on consumers who need quick money require mandatory binding arbitration in the event of a dispute. This is reasonable when the arbitrator really is neutral, but not good for you if the company writing the contract, ABC, is able to influence the choice of the arbitrator. Basically this section means:
Keep in mind that arbitrators often have a strong financial incentive to rule in favor of companies that file cases against consumers because those companies are their most loyal customers. A company probably will not choose an arbitrator who it suspects will not rule in its favor. This agreement to arbitrate all disputes shall apply no matter by whom or against whom the claim is filed. Rules and forms of the NAF may be obtained and all claims shall be filed at any NAF office, on the World Wide Web. If the contract containing the arbitration clause does not specify the conditions for arbitration, the guide for arbitration becomes the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA). The FAA was enacted in 1925 and revised in 2000 under the Revised Uniform Arbitration Act (RUAA) as a means of curbing the number of court cases involving contract disputes. If you or the lender chooses to arbitrate a dispute, both parties must follow specific rules published by the National Arbitration Forum about both the timing and the method of filing the complaint against the other party1. If you don't follow these rules, the arbitrating body may choose to ignore your claims. The National Arbitration Forum ("NAF") is one of the larges dispute resolution companies providing arbitration and mediation services to businesses. The company maintains a panel of over 1,600 arbitrators, mediators, and judges. In a California study conducted by Public Citizen2, corporations chose to use NAF nearly 34,000 times, whereas consumers brought only 118 cases before NAF in the same time frame — a whopping 99.6 percent of the total cases were brought by businesses.
Your arbitration fees will be waived by the NAF in the event you cannot afford to pay them. The cost of any participatory, documentary or telephone hearing, if one is held at your or our request, will be paid for solely by us as provided in the NAF Rules and, if a participatory hearing is requested, it will take place at a location near your residence. This arbitration agreement is made pursuant to a transaction involving interstate commerce. It shall be governed by the Federal Arbitration Act, 9 U.S.C. Sections 1-16. Judgment upon the award may be entered by any party in any court having jurisdiction. This is another clause demonstrating that you voluntarily and knowingly gave up your rights to a jury trial when you signed the agreement. AGREEMENT NOT TO BRING, JOIN OR PARTICIPATE IN CLASS ACTIONS: In this agreement, you are required to give up your right to participate in a class action lawsuit against the lender. A class action lawsuit is a legal proceeding in court where a group of people who have similar complaints against ABC are permitted to assert those claims on behalf of the entire group. Most payday loan agreements like ABC include terms that favor the lender, like this clause requiring you to agree that you will not participate in class action lawsuits. This is your promise that you will not bring a lawsuit on your own or with anyone else against the lender, the lender's employees, the board of directors, loan servicer, or assigns. In this agreement, ABC can assign (give) its rights to other people called assigns, or parties to whom ABC can transfer its rights. A right entitles one of the parties in an agreement to the performance of the other party as specified in the agreement. For example, by entering this agreement, ABC can assign its right to receive your payments against the payday loan to another party, like Bad Boys Collections. If ABC assigns its rights to Bad Boys, you will have the duty to pay Bad Boys, NOT ABC — and Bad Boys has the right to receive your loan payments. Although ABC can assign its rights to another person or company, you cannot assign your duties to pay the loan to someone else. A loan service is a business entity that handles:
SURVIVAL: The provisions of this Note dealing with the Agreement To Arbitrate All Disputes and the Agreement Not To Bring, Join, Or Participate In Class Actions shall survive repayment in full and/or default of this Note. Two issues in this agreement will survive, or continue, to bind you, no matter what occurs. For example, the following two clauses survive even if you default on your agreement or payoff your loan obligation in full:
The Lender does not want to lend money to someone who intends to borrow money and later avoid paying it back by declaring bankruptcy. BORROWER AGREES TO ALL OF THE TERMS OF THIS NOTE by signing and submitting the Agreement Below By agreeing to this Application you certify that all of the information provided above is true, complete and correct and provided to us, ABC, for the purpose of inducing us to make the loan for which you are applying. By agreeing below you also agree to the Agreement to Arbitrate All Disputes and the Agreement Not To Bring, Join Or Participate in Class Actions and acknowledge receiving a fully completed copy of this note including the Application Supplement page 2b. (This Application will be deemed incomplete and will not be processed by us unless agreed by you below.) THIS IS THE FIRST OF SEVEN SIGNATURE OR INITIAL BOXES YOU MUST COMPLETE TO RECEIVE YOUR LOAN. PLEASE SIGN OR INITIAL EACH EMPTY BOX (AS REQUESTED) AND CLICK NEXT TO MOVE TO THE NEXT PAGE. PLEASE READ THESE DOCUMENTS CAREFULLY AS YOU ARE SIGNING.
Parties: In this Loan Note and Disclosure ("Note"), you are the person named as Borrower above. We are the lender, ABC Pay Day Co.
Federal Law requires lenders to disclose:
Although the purpose of the Federal law is to enable consumers to compare the credit terms in one loan against other loans, credit terms are often not very easy to understand. Annual Percentage Rate: The annual percentage rate (APR) is the cost of the loan on a yearly basis. The APR will always be represented as a percentage. The APR is not the same thing as an interest rate. The APR will be higher than the interest rate you are quoted since other finance charges and fees are included in the APR. The APR is supposed to represent the true cost of your loan so you can compare the cost of borrowing the $300 you want from different lenders. However, the rules used to compute APR are not clearly defined. The best way to compare loans is to ask lenders about the fees included in the APR. Finance Charge: The finance charge is the cost of borrowing the money over the life of the loan, including all of the fees and interest charges. The life of the loan in this case could be one payday away, or more if the loan is renewed.
Amount Financed: Also called the principal loan amount, this is the total amount of money financed, or the amount of money that you want to borrow from ABC — in this case, $300. Total Payments: This is the total amount you will have paid to ABC if you pay ABC back on time as indicated in the 'Payment Schedule.' In this case, there is one payment of $390 IF you pay on time and your loan does not renew. Annual Interest Rate: You can calculate the Annual Interest Rate of the loan:
Your Payment Schedule will be: 1 payment of 390.00 due on 1/15/2009, if you decline* the option of refinancing your loan. If your refinancing is accepted your existing loan will be extended to either a one Loan Period loan (4-9 day term), a two Loan Period loan (10-27 day term) or a four Loan Period loan (28-38 day term) payment schedule and you will pay the finance charge of $15 per $100 per Loan Period on the next due date. You will accrue new finance charges with every refinance of this loan. After your fourth refinance, your loan will be paid down by $50.00. This means your account will be debited the finance charge plus $50.00. We will repeat this process until your loan is paid in full. See Loan Supplement for additional information. Payment Schedule. This payment schedule specifies that you must pay back the loan in full on January 15, 2009. If you don't, your loan will automatically be refinanced, or renewed. Each time your loan renews you will be charged additional finance charges. Some lenders like ABC Pay Day Co. insert clauses that require borrowers to take additional steps to actually repay the loan. That means that your loan may renew automatically if you don't follow these additional steps, even if you have enough money in your checking account to pay the loan amount in full on the date your loan is due. (See also the Notice in the Prepayment Section.) It is very important to understand how lenders handle renewals. If you can't pay the loan off, and must renew it or roll it over into a new loan, it will cost you additional fees that are not calculated in the Annual Percentage Rate for the first loan. Borrowers are often surprised by how quickly one $300 loan can turn into $500 or $600. You should always be aware of the possibility that things may not go according to plan when you sign any contract. There are many things that can go wrong after a contract is signed.
NOTE: In this example, you are obligated to contact ABC three business days before the date your loan is due if you wish to repay your debt in full. If you don't contact the company, ABC will refinance and extend the terms of your loan, costing you additional fees and interest. Make certain that you understand your obligations before you sign the agreement. Security: This loan is unsecured An unsecured loan is a loan made to you that is not secured by anything of value such as an automobile or some specific piece of property that the lender can take possession of in the event you default on the loan. HOW INTEREST IS CHARGED: Interest under this Agreement will be calculated using the "add-on" method. Under this method Lender will add a Finance Charge (interest) to the principal balance in an amount of $30.00 for each $100 borrowed from the Lender. Each time your loan is refinanced you will pay a $30 fee PLUS interest changes on the unpaid amount. The unpaid amount includes unpaid interest. Prepayment: If you prepay your loan in advance, you will not receive a refund of any Finance Charge. See below and your other contract documents for any additional information about annual percentage rate, prepayment and default. The Annual Percentage Rate is computed as of the date the loan proceeds are paid to you or, if you are refinancing a prior loan, as of the date it is anticipated the loan proceeds will be paid on your account. ACH is a system of transferring funds electronically between different parties. For example, ACH payments include:
In this section you are agreeing:
Although you have the right to revoke access to your account up to three business days prior to the due date of your loan, you do not have the right to revoke ABC's right to submit checks on your behalf until your loan is paid in full. Most payday lenders require that you provide your bank and checking account number and give the lender the right to prepare checks on your behalf. However, most consumer advocacy groups advise against doing so; if you fail to pay the loan in a timely manner, your personal account will be debited at the lender's discretion. PREPAYMENT: The Finance Charge consists solely of a Loan Fee that is earned in full at the time the loan is funded. You may pay all or part of what you owe prior to the due date, without penalty. However, you will still be obligated to pay the entire finance charge set forth above. At the moment you sign the agreement with ABC, you will owe them a loan fee, which is not refundable and must be paid in full no matter when you pay off your loan. Unlike finance charges on credit cards which are charged on the total balance owed, you must pay the full loan fee no matter whether you pay off the debt to ABC one day after you sign the agreement or on the actual due date. The finance change, or interest, will NOT be reduced even if you pay your loan off before the date full payment is due. Although some states require lenders to refund finance charges for pre-payments of the principal loan amount, in this case you are NOT entitled to a refund of interest. Under the terms of this agreement, it is possible that ABC may deduct just the loan fee from your bank account even if you have the full amount in your account if you have not followed the three-day pay-off notification requirement. NOTICE:YOU MUST CALL US AT (800) 419-000 BETWEEN 9:00 A.M. AND 5:00 P.M. EST AT LEAST 3 BUSINESS DAYS PRIOR TO THE DUE DATE TO FACILITATE THE PAYMENT OF YOUR LOAN. This provision places the burden on you to call the lender at least three business days prior to the due date to pay your loan. If you don't do this, the lender will claim that you failed in your duty to provide notice of your intent to pay your loan. Technically you can be charged additional interest or your loan could roll over into another loan, costing you more fees and interest. Pay attention when you see the word "NOTICE." When you see the word NOTICE, it usually is a way for the lender to allocate some risk to you. In this case, ABC adds a condition on the repayment of the loan. That condition is to your detriment if you fail to call ABC at least three days before the date the loan is due and tell them that you want to repay the loan. If you don't call them within those three days, ABC is relieved of its obligation to terminate the loan, even if you pay off the loan in full and on time. RETURN ITEM FEE: You agree to pay $30 if an item in payment of what you owe is returned unpaid or an ACH debit entry, the authorization for which was not properly revoked by you, is rejected by the Bank for any reason. You owe ABC $30 for any item that is returned unpaid to ABC, no matter what your reason is for not paying. BY SIGNING BELOW, YOU AGREE TO ALL THE TERMS OF THIS NOTE, INCLUDING THE AGREEMENT TO ARBITRATE ALL DISPUTES AND THE AGREEMENT NOT TO BRING, JOIN OR PARTICIPATE IN CLASS ACTIONS. YOU ALSO ACKNOWLEDGE RECEIPT OF A FULLY COMPLETED COPY OF THIS NOTE. APPLICATION IS SUBJECT TO APPROVAL. Signature: (X)__________________ Date:__________________ This is called a 'cooling off period.' Some states require lenders to provide consumers with a cooling off period. Others do not. In this case, you have a right to cancel this agreement after you sign it. However, you must follow the provisions in the loan agreement exactly for your cancellation to be effective.
1Specific rules published by the National Arbitration Forum: 2Public Citizen is a national nonprofit consumer advocacy organization founded in 1971 to represent consumer interests in Congress, the executive branch, and the courts. http://www.citizen.org/ 3"How Credit Card Companies Ensnare Consumers," Public Citizen, 2007. |
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